Pembandaran dan kehidupan bandar di Semenanjung Malaysia (Urbanisation and Urban Life in Peninsular Malaysia)
Akademika
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Title |
Pembandaran dan kehidupan bandar di Semenanjung Malaysia (Urbanisation and Urban Life in Peninsular Malaysia)
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Creator |
Embong (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, rahmanhe@ukm.my), Abdul Rahman
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Subject |
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Description |
This article argues that with about 70 percent of Malaysia’s population already living in towns and cities and the urbanisation process is still ongoing, urban living and urbanism have become a way of life and a key element in Malaysia’s civilization. However, urban living for the Malays and other Bumiputera communitities is relatively new although it is not new for most of the Chinese and Indians. The existence of new urban social relations, however, does not necessarily replace family and community relations. This article shows that while Loius Wirth’s criticism of urban culture in respect of the spread of individualism, and the importance of formal social control is correct, the role of human agency should not be overlooked. Human beings as agencies are able to create and recreate social relations and organisations to suit their social needs and guided by their cultural and religious values. This is supported by evidence of efforts to build communities and the existence of relatively sustainable communities in the urban milieu. This article also demonstrates that among urbanites in major cities such as Kuala Lumpur and Penang, a substantial number perceive the city as their permanent home because life in big cities has already become part of them, and also for practical reasons; however, there are also sections of those of regard such cities mainly as venues in building their career and not as places for permanent living. The situation is quite different in smaller cities especially Kota Bharu and Melaka where there is a sense of permanency, with cities being perceived not just as places to earn a living but also as places for retirement. However, the rising cost of living has become the greatest challenge for urbanites especially those from the lower classes residing in big cities.Keywords: Urbanisation; urbanism; urbanites; community; MalaysiaABSTRAKArtikel ini menghujahkan bahawa memandangkan kira-kira 70 peratus penduduk Malaysia sudah tinggal di bandar dan proses pembandaran masih terus berlaku, maka kehidupan bandar atau urbanisme sudah menjadi cara hidup dan unsur penting dalam peradaban masyarakat Malaysia. Namun kehidupan bandar khususnya bagi orang Melayu dan Bumiputera lain adalah suatu pengalaman baru sungguhpun, tidak baru bagi sebahagian besar kaum Cina dan India. Kewujudan hubungan sosial baru yang urban sifatnya tidak semestinya melenyapkan hubungan kekeluargaan dan komuniti. Artikel ini menunjukkan walaupun kritikan Louis Wirth terhadap budaya masyarakat bandar adalah tepat dari satu segi meluasnya individualisme, ketidakpedulian dan perlunya kawalan sosial yang formal, tetapi peranan manusia sebagai agensi yang mampu membentuk semula hubungan dan organisasi sosial mereka bagi memenuhi tujuan kehidupan sosial berpandukan nilai-nilai budaya dan keagamaan tidak boleh diketepikan. Ini jelas terbukti dengan usaha pembentukan komuniti dan wujudnya komuniti yang agak utuh walaupun dalam masyarakat bandar. Artikel ini juga menunjukkan di kalangan penghuni bandar besar seperti Kuala Lumpur dan Pulau Pinang terdapat sejumlah yang memutuskan tempat itu sebagai tempat tinggal tetap mereka kerana mereka sudah bersebati dengan kehidupan kota dan juga kerana soal praktikal, tetapi ada sebahagian lain menganggap bandaraya sebagai laluan tempat membina kerjaya dan bukannya tempat tetap mereka seumur hidup. Keadaannya berlainan dengan ramai penghuni bandar pertengahan, lebih-lebih lagi bandar seperti Kota Bharu dan Melaka di mana kehidupan di bandar itu menjadi matlamat tempat tinggal tetap, bukannya sebagai tempat ‘mencari makan’ semata-mata. Namun, cabaran terbesar kehidupan di kalangan penghuni bandar terutamanya bandar besar ialah kenaikan kos hidup yang menghantui khususnya mereka daripada golongan bawahan.Kata kunci: Pembandaran; urbanisme; penghuni bandar; komuniti; Malaysia
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Publisher |
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
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Contributor |
—
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Date |
2012-05-01
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Type |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion — |
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Format |
application/pdf
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Identifier |
http://ejournal.ukm.my/akademika/article/view/497
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Source |
Akademika; Vol 81, No 2 (2011): AKADEMIKA 81
0126-8694 0126-5008 |
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Language |
eng
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Relation |
http://ejournal.ukm.my/akademika/article/view/497/4118
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